Web links are fundamental to the web, enabling navigation between pages and citations in research articles. However, web links suffer from "link rot", a phenomenon in which links are likely to become inaccessible over time. This can occur if a link’s site disappears, making it impossible to resolve the hostname or establish a server connection, or the linked page has been deleted, resulting in an HTTP 404 "Not Found" error. Today, a common solution to tackle link rot is to rely on web archives, which capture snapshots of web pages for future reference. However, the modern web has evolved significantly since web archives were first introduced, leading to several limitations in their effectiveness. First, the scale of the web has grown tremendously, making it infeasible to crawl every page whenever it changes. As a result, many broken links either have no archived copies, or the archived copies have stale content. Second, modern web pages rely heavily on increasingly complex and diverse JavaScript. This shift has made it more challenging for preserving fidelity in archived copies, significantly increasing both the computational cost of operating browser-based crawlers and engineering effort required to maintain accurate replay systems. This thesis presents a set of solutions to cope with link rot on the modern web. My work aims to mitigate the various limitations of web archives. First, for broken links without any archived copy, or if the archived copy includes stale content or unavailable functionalities, I built Fable. Fable revives the dead link with the new URL to the same page whenever available. Compared to prior approaches, Fable revives 4.6K broken links—a 50% increase—with much higher accuracy. Second, for pages that require dynamic crawling, I show how web archives can achieve a better tradeoff between efficiency and fidelity. By carefully choosing 8.9% of pages to crawl dynamically and strategically reusing resources from those crawls, an archive can serve 99% of the remaining statically crawled pages without any fidelity loss. Third, for fidelity violations in archived copies that are caused by incorrect edits to crawled scripts, I built FidEx. FidEx reliably detects when an archived page differs from its original version and pinpoints the root cause. After fixing the most common errors pinpointed by FidEx, I reduced the fraction of pages for which FidEx reports a violation of fidelity from 15% to 9%.
Solutions for Link Rot on the Modern Web
Web links are fundamental to the web, enabling navigation between pages and citations in research articles. However, web links suffer from "link rot", a phenomenon in which links are likely to become inaccessible over time. This can occur if a link’s site disappears, making it impossible to resolve the hostname or establish a server connection, or the linked page has been deleted, resulting in an HTTP 404 "Not Found" error. Today, a common solution to tackle link rot is to rely on web archives, which capture snapshots of web pages for future reference. However, the modern web has evolved significantly since web archives were first introduced, leading to several limitations in their effectiveness. First, the scale of the web has grown tremendously, making it infeasible to crawl every page whenever it changes. As a result, many broken links either have no archived copies, or the archived copies have stale content. Second, modern web pages rely heavily on increasingly complex and diverse JavaScript. This shift has made it more challenging for preserving fidelity in archived copies, significantly increasing both the computational cost of operating browser-based crawlers and engineering effort required to maintain accurate replay systems. This thesis presents a set of solutions to cope with link rot on the modern web. My work aims to mitigate the various limitations of web archives. First, for broken links without any archived copy, or if the archived copy includes stale content or unavailable functionalities, I built Fable. Fable revives the dead link with the new URL to the same page whenever available. Compared to prior approaches, Fable revives 4.6K broken links—a 50% increase—with much higher accuracy. Second, for pages that require dynamic crawling, I show how web archives can achieve a better tradeoff between efficiency and fidelity. By carefully choosing 8.9% of pages to crawl dynamically and strategically reusing resources from those crawls, an archive can serve 99% of the remaining statically crawled pages without any fidelity loss. Third, for fidelity violations in archived copies that are caused by incorrect edits to crawled scripts, I built FidEx. FidEx reliably detects when an archived page differs from its original version and pinpoints the root cause. After fixing the most common errors pinpointed by FidEx, I reduced the fraction of pages for which FidEx reports a violation of fidelity from 15% to 9%.
On Link Rot
The web suffers from link rot: hyperlinks that were valid upon creation will often point into nothingness after some time has passed. Within the framework of the web, the typical solution is to link to a snapshot of the original page, hosted on archive.org.
On Link Rot
The web suffers from link rot: hyperlinks that were valid upon creation will often point into nothingness after some time has passed. Within the framework of the web, the typical solution is to link to a snapshot of the original page, hosted on archive.org.
Archiving URLs
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Archiving web sites
I recently took a deep dive into web site archival for friends who were worried about losing co [...]
ArchiveBox - Open-source self-hosted web archiving
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Freeing the Web from the Browser | reinterpretcast.com
The Web is, without a doubt, the most powerful research tool currently available to man. No longer must researchers comb through endless indices and catalogues to find what they are looking for. Instead, hyperlinks allow users to associatively explore rich interconnected structures of information with ease. In just a few clicks, it is possible to navigate through a vast global space of information comprising documents on virtually any subject.
webrecorder/browsertrix-crawler
Run a high-fidelity browser-based web archiving crawler in a single Docker container
Web Archiving: Playback Tools - Thomas Preece
Web Archiving: Playback Tools - Below I've listed some of the tools I found to playback web archives. The two most popular tools that I found were OpenWayback and PyWb. Of the tests I
Exa on Twitter / X
We built a time machine for the web.Introducing Exa Snapshot: an index of 400 billion historical snapshots of webpages that lets you search as if it's the past.Snapshot is already being used for backtesting prediction models, RL at labs, exploring the pre-AI web, and more. pic.twitter.com/UHeknyUbeF— Exa (@ExaAILabs) September 17, 2026
Common Crawl - Open Repository of Web Crawl Data
We build and maintain an open repository of web crawl data that can be accessed and analyzed by anyone.
Obsidian Web Clipper
Highlight and capture web pages in your favorite browser. Save anything and everything with just one click.
Back into blogging and just published something I've been thinking about for a while now – making archival content more resilient and discoverable on atproto. Oral history, interactive transcripts, content addressing, and keeping important stories from being quietly erased. maboa.it/resilient-archives-on-the-at-…
Keeping Archives Alive: Resilience and Discovery on ATProto
maboa.it