Crest factor is a parameter of a waveform, such as alternating current or sound, showing the ratio of largest value to the more typical value. More specifically, crest factor is the peak amplitude of the waveform divided by the root mean square (RMS) value of the waveform. The minimum possible crest factor is 1 or 1:1.
Root-raised-cosine filter
In signal processing, a root-raised-cosine filter (RRC), sometimes known as square-root-raised-cosine filter (SRRC), is frequently used as the transmit and receive pulse shaping filter in a digital communication system to perform matched filtering. This helps in constraining the occupied bandwidth of the waveform without introducing intersymbol interference (ISI). The combined response of two such filters is that of the raised-cosine filter. It obtains its name from the fact that its frequency response, H r r c ( f ) {\displaystyle H_{rrc}(f)} , is the square root of the frequency response of the raised-cosine filter, H r c ( f ) {\displaystyle H_{rc}(f)} :
Sine, Saw, Square, Triangle, Pulse: Basic Waveforms in Synthesis and Their Properties
Learn the properties of 5 basic waveforms in sound synthesis to use their full potential in your synthesizer performance or design.
Positive and Negative Affect and Salivary Markers of Inflammation Among Young Adults
Emerging evidence suggests that higher circulating levels of inflammatory biomarkers in blood are associated with higher negative affect (NA) and lower positive affect (PA). To our knowledge, the unique associations between NA and PA in daily life and salivary biomarkers of inflammation have not been examined. This study examined these associations in young adults.
ToneWoodAmp® Acoustic Effects, No Amp Required
The truly revolutionary ToneWoodAmp. You won't be able to play guitar without it. Play acoustic guitar with effects, NO AMP REQUIRED! Experience your acoustic guitar in a whole new way.
Third Wave (Commercial) Open Source
Commercial Open Source Software (COSS) is an only-loosely-agreed-upon term for businesses built upon selling open source products. COSS has seen two significant waves pass, with a third now emerging. The head of each wave lasts approximately a decade. The tail of each wave extends into the future indefinitely. Each wave subsumes all previous waves. The first wave was characterized by shrinkwrapping and commercial support. Peaking in the mid-1990s, Red Hat was the poster-child of selling support for software written by other people.
Modulation of Osteoclast Differentiation and Function by the New Members of the Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor and Ligand Families
I. IntroductionII. Role of Osteoblasts/Stromal Cells in Osteoclast Differentiation and FunctionA. Origin of osteoclastsB. Stimulation of osteoclast differe
Osteoporosis in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Dangerous Liaisons
Osteoporosis has been classically considered a comorbidity of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, recent advances in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis in RA have shown a close interplay between cells of the immune system and those involved in bone remodeling, introducing new actors into the classic route in which osteoclast activation is related to the RANK/RANKL/OPG pathway. In fact, the inflammatory state in early stages of RA, mediated by interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-8 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α has the ability to activate and differentiate osteoclasts not only through their relationship with RANKL, but also through the Wnt/DKK1/sclerostin pathway, leading to bone loss. The role of synovial fibroblasts and activated T lymphocytes in the expression of the RANKL system and its connection to bone destruction is also depicted. In addition, autoantibodies such as rheumatoid factor and anti-citrullinated protein antibodies are other pathogenic mechanisms for the development of bone erosions and systemic osteoporosis in RA, even before the onset of arthritis. The aim of this review is to unravel the relationship between different factors involved in the development of osteoporosis in RA patients, both the classic factors and the most novel, based on the relationship of autoantibodies with bone remodeling. Furthermore, we propose that bone mineral density measured by different techniques may be helpful as a biomarker of severity in early arthritis patients.
Pluck
This is an interactive string simulator that uses basic Fourier math to generate audio & visuals according to where on the string you pluck from. The audio math is done on the GPU in WebGL
StateFace
A font you can use in your web apps when you want tiny state shapes as a design element.
Osteocyte-Related Cytokines Regulate Osteoclast Formation and Bone Resorption
The process of bone remodeling is the result of the regulated balance between bone cell populations, namely bone-forming osteoblasts, bone-resorbing osteoclasts, and the osteocyte, the mechanosensory cell type. Osteoclasts derived from the hematopoietic stem cell lineage are the principal cells involved in bone resorption. In osteolytic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, periodontitis, and osteoporosis, the balance is lost and changes in favor of bone resorption. Therefore, it is vital to elucidate the mechanisms of osteoclast formation and bone resorption. It has been reported that osteocytes express Receptor activator of nuclear factor κΒ ligand (RANKL), an essential factor for osteoclast formation. RANKL secreted by osteocytes is the most important factor for physiologically supported osteoclast formation in the developing skeleton and in pathological bone resorption such as experimental periodontal bone loss. TNF-α directly enhances RANKL expression in osteocytes and promotes osteoclast formation. Moreover, TNF-α enhances sclerostin expression in osteocytes, which also increases osteoclast formation. These findings suggest that osteocyte-related cytokines act directly to enhance osteoclast formation and bone resorption. In this review, we outline the most recent knowledge concerning bone resorption-related cytokines and discuss the osteocyte as the master regulator of bone resorption and effector in osteoclast formation.
Biology of the RANKL–RANK–OPG System in Immunity, Bone, and Beyond
Discovery and characterization of the cytokine receptor-cytokine-decoy receptor triad formed by RANKL-RANK-OPG have led not only to immense advances in understanding the biology of bone homeostasis, but have also crystalized appreciation of the critical regulatory relationship that exists between bone and immunity, resulting in the emergence of the burgeoning field of osteoimmunology. RANKL-RANK-OPG are members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and TNF receptor superfamilies, and share signaling characteristics common to many members of each. Developmentally regulated and cell-type specific expression patterns of each of these factors have revealed key regulatory functions for RANKL-RANK-OPG in bone homeostasis, organogenesis, immune tolerance and cancer. Successful efforts at designing and developing therapeutic agents targeting RANKL-RANK-OPG have been undertaken for osteoporosis, and additional efforts are underway for other conditions. In this review, we will summarize the basic biology of the RANKL-RANK-OPG system, relate its cell-type specific functions to system-wide mechanisms of development and homeostasis, and highlight emerging areas of interest for this cytokine group.
Eigenvalues and eigenvectors
In linear algebra, an eigenvector (/ˈaɪɡən-/ EYE-gən-) or characteristic vector is a (nonzero) vector that has its direction unchanged (or reversed) by a given linear transformation. More precisely, an eigenvector v {\displaystyle \mathbf {v} } of a linear transformation T {\displaystyle T} is scaled by a constant factor λ {\displaystyle \lambda } when the linear transformation is applied to it: ⁠ T v = λ v {\displaystyle T\mathbf {v} =\lambda \mathbf {v} } ⁠. The corresponding eigenvalue, characteristic value, or characteristic root is the multiplying factor λ {\displaystyle \lambda } (possibly a negative or complex number).
llama.ttf
llama.ttf is a font file which is also a large language model and an inference engine for that model.
