







A large language model (LLM) is a neural network trained on a vast amount of text for natural language processing tasks, especially language generation. LLMs can typically generate, summarize, translate, and analyze text in many contexts, and are a foundational technology behind modern chatbots.[1] Biased or inaccurate training data can make an LLM's output less reliable.[2]
Take caution in using LLMs as human surrogates | PNAS
Recent studies suggest large language models (LLMs) can generate human-like responses, aligning with human behavior in economic experiments, survey...

LLM in a Flash: Efficient Large Language Model Inference with Limited Memory
Large language models (LLMs) are central to modern natural language processing, delivering exceptional performance in various tasks…

LLMs and World Models, Part 1
How do Large Language Models Make Sense of Their “Worlds”?

AI Large Language Model Training: The Potential Risks of Ideological Skewing — PSG Consulting
LLMs (AI Large Language Models) have become part of everyday life. Systems such as ChatGPT, Claude, Gemini, Meta AI (Llama) and X.ai's Grok handle billions of interactions daily. They increasingly shape what information people encounter and in what order, subtly deciding what's important and even what is true, sometimes without users realizing it. Because LLMs wield growing power over information exposure, it is vital to recognize the political and ideological structures at multiple stages of their design, and to identify manipulation risks.

Large language models reduce public knowledge sharing on online Q&A platforms
Abstract. Large language models (LLMs) are a potential substitute for human-generated data and knowledge resources. This substitution, however, can present

Mitigating Cross-Lingual Cultural Inconsistencies in LLMs via...
Despite their impressive capabilities, multilingual large language models (MLLMs) frequently exhibit inconsistent behaviour when the prompt's language changes. While such adaptation is generally...

The Case Against LLMs as Rerankers
Authors: Apoorva Joshi, Zhenmei Shi, Akshay Goindani, Hong LiuResearch Leads: Zhenmei Shi, Akshay Goindani, Hong Liu Large language models are increasingly being used for a broad range of tasks, in…

I Built an LLM From Scratch
Wikipedia:LLM-assisted translation
This guideline applies to machine translation tools that include a large language model ("LLM"). Assume that it applies to any online translation tool unless you have confirmed there is no LLM element.
Large language models are not the problem
If a Large Language Model (LLM) can replicate your scientific contribution, the problem is not the LLM. What does it say about our field that so much of the anxiety about AI comes down to the fear that a machine could do what we do? Perhaps it says we should be doing something better.

Build A Large Language Model (From Scratch), Published by Manning, ISBN 978-1633437166
Implement a ChatGPT-like LLM in PyTorch from scratch, step by step
Scaling Laws Across Model Architectures: A Comparative Analysis of...
The scaling of large language models (LLMs) is a critical research area for the efficiency and effectiveness of model training and deployment. Our work investigates the transferability and...

Curated retrieval versus open web search in public AI information...
Public institutions increasingly use large language models (LLMs) to answer citizens' questions, often pairing a curated knowledge base with live web search, yet whether the sources behind these...

On the Way to LLM Personalization: Learning to Remember User Conversations
This paper was accepted at the Workshop on Large Language Model Memorization (L2M2) 2025. Large Language Models (LLMs) have quickly become…

Forcing Generative Models to Degenerate Ones: The Power of Data...
Growing applications of large language models (LLMs) trained by a third party raise serious concerns on the security vulnerability of LLMs.It has been demonstrated that malicious actors can...
