The final installment of the three-part saga on the technical details of how screen readers communicate with other software.
A Deep Dive into Accessibility APIs, Part 1 — Knowbility
In this first Deep Dive into Accessibility APIs installment, we'll start from absolute scratch and recount the widely available basic story. It's written for beginners, but the fact that I describe web accessibility in the broader context of software accessibility might offer a different twist for current practitioners as well. Parts 2 and 3, on the other hand, are more technical. Although those discussions may largely be of interest only to "inquiring minds that want to know", understanding the history and variety of the specialized protocols at the heart of this process sheds light on why screen readers sometimes perform differently in the same application or on the same web site while also providing a glimpse of a likely future.
Foundations: the accessibility tree - TetraLogical
There's a common misconception that when browsing the web using a screen reader, it's reading the actual screen. This is not really surprising, as the name suggests that's exactly what it's doing. And, this is what early screen readers did, so, we can't really blame anybody for thinking that!
The Road to Good Intentions Is Paved with Hell: A Deep Dive into Accessibility APIs, Part 2 — Knowbility
This post is the second in a three-part series about how screen readers obtain what users need from applications and operating systems.
brief history of browser accessibility support
Author: steve faulkner The Paciello Group contact: [email protected]
An introduction to screen readers
A screen reader allows people who are blind or visually impaired to use their computer. This factsheet provides an overview of the main screen readers available for people to use with their computer
Ubiquitous Accessibility for People with Visual Impairments: Are We There Yet?
Ubiquitous access is an increasingly common vision of computing, wherein users can interact with any computing device or service from anywhere, at any time. In the era of personal computing, users with visual impairments required special-purpose, assistive technologies, such as screen readers, to interact with computers. This paper investigates whether technologies like screen readers have kept pace with, or have created a barrier to, the trend toward ubiquitous access, with a specific focus on desktop computing as this is still the primary way computers are used in education and employment. Towards that, the paper presents a user study with 21 visually-impaired participants, specifically involving the switching of screen readers within and across different computing platforms, and the use of screen readers in remote access scenarios. Among the findings, the study shows that, even for remote desktop access—an early forerunner of true ubiquitous access—screen readers are too limited, if not unusable. The study also identifies several accessibility needs, such as uniformity of navigational experience across devices, and recommends potential solutions. In summary, assistive technologies have not made the jump into the era of ubiquitous access, and multiple, inconsistent screen readers create new practical problems for users with visual impairments.
React component for screen reader accessibility • Josh W. Comeau
A convenient component for contextualizing visual content for screen readers
An Open Letter to Matt Mullenweg on Accessibility in WordPress
October 18, 2026 Dear Mr. Mullenweg, I am writing to you publicly as a blind daily screen reader user, an IAAP Certified Professional in Web Accessibility (CPWA), and the publisher of Blind Access …
WebAIM: The WebAIM Million - The 2026 report on the accessibility of the top 1,000,000 home pages
For the eighth consecutive year, WebAIM conducted an accessibility evaluation of the home pages for the top 1,000,000 web sites. The evaluation was conducted using the WAVE stand-alone API (with additional tools to collect site technology and category data). The results provide an overview of and insight into the current state of web accessibility for individuals with disabilities as well as trends over time.
Fact Sheet: New Rule on the Accessibility of Web Content and Mobile Apps Provided by State and Local Governments
The Department of Justice published a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM) on July 20, 2023 explaining how we propose updating the regulations for Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) to add more specific requirements about web and mobile application accessibility. This fact sheet gives a plain language summary of the technical standards that state and local governments would have to follow to meet their existing obligations under Title II of the ADA.
A threat model for accessibility on the web - Alice
A explanation of the primary threat to accessibility on the web, and a call to action for the web standards community
GitHub repository landing pages now show an accessibility tab, if provided
I’m excited to see how people use this new addition to the platform.
How we’re building accessibility into our Chromebooks around the world
Read about our partnerships in Kenya that bring Chromebooks to low vision and blind children, and learn more about new Chromebook updates for Global Accessibility Awaren…
recommended techniques for accessibility champions - A11y Toolkit
An open-source library of techniques to avoid the most common accessibility failures.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Accessibility Research Symposium 2023
Accessibility resources free online from the international standards organization: W3C Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI).
To elaborate, assistive technology tend to necessitate rich and open representations to capture authorial intent that can be interacted with in multimodal ways. HTML is the canonical example. For example, every application having to manually script with a screen reader doesn't scale.
𝕮
The intersection between accessibility technology and malleable software seems under explored.