Matrix, the open protocol for secure decentralised communications
The Matrix Holiday Update 2022
Matrix, the open protocol for secure decentralised communications
Matrix - Decentralised and secure communication
You're invited to talk on Matrix. If you don't already have a client this link will help you pick one, and join the conversation. If you already have one, this link will help you join the conversation
Matrix - Decentralised and secure communication
You're invited to talk on Matrix. If you don't already have a client this link will help you pick one, and join the conversation. If you already have one, this link will help you join the conversation
Introducing Matrix Widgets - including Jitsi video conferencing!
Matrix, the open protocol for secure decentralised communications
Solidarity Social
Bluesky enhanced with Matrix for E2EE DMs and censorship resilience. Be yourself in your community on Bluesky, while building solidarity across communities for collective action.
Bluesky Protocol Services
High scale open social, unlocked for every builder. Bluesky operates public infrastructure for the AT Protocol — Jetstream, Relay, and the Bluesky API — as open services anyone can build on.
Sharing a safety tool: announcing policyserv
Matrix, the open protocol for secure decentralised communications
FR#163 – Decrypting Matrix
On the convergence towards private data on social networking protocols, and the connection to Matrix
Solidar
Bluesky enhanced with Matrix for E2EE DMs and censorship resilience. Be yourself in your community on Bluesky, while building solidarity across communities for collective action.
Bluesky PDS
Take control of your online identity with a one-click Bluesky PDS. Built on the open AT Protocol, Bluesky gives users full ownership of their social data and digital presence. Clovyr makes self-hosting simple, secure, and accessible for everyone, with no command line required.
Welcoming Discord users amidst the challenge of Age Verification
Matrix, the open protocol for secure decentralised communications
Blacksky - Open Collective
Decentralized social media built for community power, culture, and collective freedom.
Exploring Identities in the AT Protocol via Bluesky
The AT Protocol is an open, decentralized network for building social applications. Bluesky, a relatively new social network, is built on top of the AT Protocol. It recently piqued my interest as I came across this fascinating research paper Bluesky and the AT Protocol: Usable Decentralized Social Media. In this post, we’ll dive into one of the key elements of the AT Protocol: identities. We will start with Bluesky user handles, explore additional information about them, and see what else we can discover. DID Resolution A handle in Bluesky is associated with a DID, which can be resolved using DNS or HTTPS. decentralized identifier (DID) A globally unique persistent identifier that does not require a centralized registration authority and is often generated and/or registered cryptographically. […] Many—but not all—DID methods make use of distributed ledger technology (DLT) or some other form of decentralized network. From Decentralized Identifiers (DIDs) v1.0 The DID for @jay.bsky.team can be resolved via a DNS record. Example with dig: > dig _atproto.jay.bsky.team TXT [...] _atproto.jay.bsky.team. 14400 IN TXT "did=did:plc:oky5czdrnfjpqslsw2a5iclo" If you don’t have dig installed, try an online tool like nslookup.io. If no DNS TXT entry exists, the handle may resolve to a DID through a well-known HTTPS endpoint. Let’s take the example of @jamesgunn.bsky.social: > curl https://jamesgunn.bsky.social/.well-known/atproto-did did:plc:lotavzt36yanhfy3j3gpysyj If you don’t have curl installed, you can just open the link in your browser https://jamesgunn.bsky.social/.well-known/atproto-did. PLC Once you have a DID, examine the part after the first colon. This is known as the method. The above two examples use plc, which stands for Public Ledger of Credentials. These PLC DIDs can be looked up in the PLC directory at plc.directory. The AT Protocol also supports the web method, though we focus on plc here. We can use curl again to get more information about a DID. Let’s take @jay.bsky.team’s DID as example. > curl https://plc.directory/did:plc:oky5czdrnfjpqslsw2a5iclo/log | jq [ { "sig": "KuN3A61golVNSDU71wZKLP9lVuXk6YekJAz1lwDzrPsNTEWHBBW_8zSyV6pDxV4KiYXuAXlS1Ik47XkjQZ94mA", "prev": null, "type": "create", "handle": "jay.bsky.social", "service": "https://bsky.social", "signingKey": "did:key:zQ3shP5TBe1sQfSttXty15FAEHV1DZgcxRZNxvEWnPfLFwLxJ", "recoveryKey": "did:key:zQ3shhCGUqDKjStzuDxPkTxN6ujddP4RkEKJJouJGRRkaLGbg" }, { "sig": "TY3ot8yFF-0LL8ceoRwSGaNQj0F1aj-IApYXRGT21G1fnznKHUHT1QE7c1aTrYd9PQLVvXUGag6CZ9EEeIKqgA", "prev": "bafyreidswhiwi4ljkl4es4vwqhkas3spmmktortqbp6lkrb5v7qqdfr3mm", "type": "plc_operation", "services": { "atproto_pds": { "type": "AtprotoPersonalDataServer", "endpoint": "https://bsky.social" } }, "alsoKnownAs": [ "at://jay.bsky.social" ], "rotationKeys": [ "did:key:zQ3shhCGUqDKjStzuDxPkTxN6ujddP4RkEKJJouJGRRkaLGbg", "did:key:zQ3shpKnbdPx3g3CmPf5cRVTPe1HtSwVn5ish3wSnDPQCbLJK" ], "verificationMethods": { "atproto": "did:key:zQ3shXjHeiBuRCKmM36cuYnm7YEMzhGnCmCyW92sRJ9pribSF" } }, { "sig": "WmQmobHA6abtu8xIkBSrDkkoMNjOxP1Tl_1zl1DbIZlA9kjOyxjX-J1rzwWVy3stdzMowpBeBnedkAug84n_RQ", "prev": "bafyreicgb25yf5fro22oyhtkbgerzr4nume4sx757r525skxdzpeoeseha", "type": "plc_operation", "services": { "atproto_pds": { "type": "AtprotoPersonalDataServer", "endpoint": "https://bsky.social" } }, "alsoKnownAs": [ "at://jay.bsky.team" ], "rotationKeys": [ "did:key:zQ3shhCGUqDKjStzuDxPkTxN6ujddP4RkEKJJouJGRRkaLGbg", "did:key:zQ3shpKnbdPx3g3CmPf5cRVTPe1HtSwVn5ish3wSnDPQCbLJK" ], "verificationMethods": { "atproto": "did:key:zQ3shXjHeiBuRCKmM36cuYnm7YEMzhGnCmCyW92sRJ9pribSF" } }, { "sig": "dhstt4uPua8OVs8TVzHTqtCnNMsBDN7kjxIBmTIYBDRkknrtprBJ_AISXFoBZyqfoxq2altp-vlRAPEKSh5zeg", "prev": "bafyreihmf7dapx27fexc7jwj4cdpbxcmhnnwo3x5vrpvbr6lclzj7gpsmi", "type": "plc_operation", "services": { "atproto_pds": { "type": "AtprotoPersonalDataServer", "endpoint": "https://morel.us-east.host.bsky.network" } }, "alsoKnownAs": [ "at://jay.bsky.team" ], "rotationKeys": [ "did:key:zQ3shhCGUqDKjStzuDxPkTxN6ujddP4RkEKJJouJGRRkaLGbg", "did:key:zQ3shpKnbdPx3g3CmPf5cRVTPe1HtSwVn5ish3wSnDPQCbLJK" ], "verificationMethods": { "atproto": "did:key:zQ3shtJpFGgEG3tv3ERKvjo7VHbjDPVyvjYvW7gpie49rtNtc" } } ] Again, feel free to click on it instead, https://plc.directory/did:plc:oky5czdrnfjpqslsw2a5iclo/log. This returns a list of all operations that were performed on this DID. The first entry is the genesis operation — the one that created the DID. It is the only one where prev (previous entry) is null, because it is the first one. Note that the first entry of this DID’s log has a different format. This entry uses the legacy format. Currently, newly created DIDs use the new format (subsequent records), but @jay.bsky.team has been around for a while (the account belongs to Bluesky’s CEO). If you look through the logs you will notice a couple of changes that were made to her identity over time: the handle was changed from jay.bsky.social to jay.bsky.team (note that the legacy format used handle whereas the new format uses alsoKnownAs) the handle now includes at:// the personal data server changed from https://bsky.social to https://morel.us-east.host.bsky.network Signatures Each entry in the log includes a sig field, which contains the signature. This cryptographic signature is derived from the other fields in the entry. For the genesis operation, the rotationKeys (or signingKey for legacy) field contains the public key(s) of the key pair(s) with which the entry was signed. Subsequent operations need to be signed with the key from the previous entry. Additionally, the prev field references the previous entry. Creating a DID The identifier in the DID, which is the last part of the colon-separated string, is constructed from the genesis operation. For @jay.bsky.team: the identifier is oky5czdrnfjpqslsw2a5iclo the genesis operation is this JSON document: { "sig": "KuN3A61golVNSDU71wZKLP9lVuXk6YekJAz1lwDzrPsNTEWHBBW_8zSyV6pDxV4KiYXuAXlS1Ik47XkjQZ94mA", "prev": null, "type": "create", "handle": "jay.bsky.social", "service": "https://bsky.social", "signingKey": "did:key:zQ3shP5TBe1sQfSttXty15FAEHV1DZgcxRZNxvEWnPfLFwLxJ", "recoveryKey": "did:key:zQ3shhCGUqDKjStzuDxPkTxN6ujddP4RkEKJJouJGRRkaLGbg" } Steps: encode the genesis operation in DAG-CBOR (this is a concise binary format and looks a bit like JSON) create a SHA256 hash of the encoded document encode the hash with base 32 and make its letters lowercase. take the first 24 characters add did:plc: as a prefix to create the 32-character DID Verification Based on what we’ve learned so far we can verify a handle from Bluesky. For example, if we want to check @jay.bsky.team: resolve DID via DNS: did:plc:oky5czdrnfjpqslsw2a5iclo look up DID in PLC directory the handle in the alsoKnownAs (or handle for legacy) field must match jay.bsky.team verify all operations using the public keys and signatures reconstruct the DID from the genesis operation and ensure it is the same as the one we found in the DNS TXT record Can we trust the PLC directory though? Say a malicious actor has taken over control and modified all entries in the log. The hacker even constructed the entries in the log so that all the signatures appear valid. How would we still know the PLC directory is compromised? Remember that the DID can be reconstructed from the genesis operation. If that were modified, we’d end up with a different DID from the one we found in the DNS TXT record. Summary This blog explores the AT Protocol, the decentralized foundation of social applications like Bluesky, with a focus on user identities and their technical underpinnings. It explains how Bluesky user handles are associated with Decentralized Identifiers (DIDs), which can be resolved using DNS records or HTTPS endpoints. Detailed examples demonstrate how tools like dig and curl retrieve DID data, revealing the method (plc) and structure used to catalog them in the Public Ledger of Credentials (PLC). The post also examines the DID lifecycle, showcasing how historical operations and changes—such as updates to handles or servers—are logged and accessible for transparency. There are several aspects that we did not investigate, such as: the web method for DIDs tombstone operations in the log recovery how exactly to construct the prev entry in the DID document what the other fields in the DID document mean If you are curious, the links in the next section will help you answer these questions. Links & Further Reading Bluesky Application AT Protocol AT Protocol Identity AT Protocol DID AT Protocol Handle Decentralized Identifiers (DIDs) v1.0 did:plc Method Specification Specification: DAG-CBOR
Decentralization Trade Offs in AT Protocol and ActivityPub DWeb Camp 2026
Christine Lemmer Webber is lead author and co-editor of the W3C ActivityPub specification. Daniel Holmgren is Head of Protocol at Bluesky, working on the AT Protocol specification at the IETF. Join us for a discussion on decentralization trade-offs and other design decisions in the two protocols, and what that means for different architectures, structures, and even future points of convergence. Moderated by Boris Mann
A Self-Authenticating Social Protocol - Bluesky
Bluesky’s mission is to drive the evolution from platforms to protocols. The conceptual framework we've adopted for meeting this objective is the "self-authenticating protocol."