The soft body of the turtle

Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution

Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution is a 1902 collection of anthropological essays by Russian naturalist and anarchist philosopher Peter Kropotkin. The essays, initially published in the English periodical The Nineteenth Century between 1890 and 1896, explore the role of mutually beneficial cooperation and reciprocity in the animal kingdom and human societies both past and present. It is an argument against theories of social Darwinism that emphasize competition and survival of the fittest, and against the romantic depictions by writers such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who thought that cooperation was motivated by universal love. Instead, Kropotkin argues that mutual aid has pragmatic advantages for the survival of human and animal communities and, along with the conscience, has been promoted through natural selection.

A turtle giving itself a scrub

202K votes, 1.8K comments. 13M subscribers in the oddlysatisfying community. For those little things that are inexplicably satisfying.

Collections: How the Weak Can Win – A Primer on Protracted War

Thanks to our volunteer narrator, this post is now available in audio format. This week, in an effort to fill in some of the theoretical basis for thinking about how weaker powers think about fight…

Michel Bauwens on Twitter / X

This is the deeper motivation that inspires Caitlin's work:< " It is possible for the human organism to liberate itself from its habituated creation of the ego through the process commonly referred to as spiritual enlightenment. It is also possible for humanity as a species to… https://t.co/smsjPAnNFr— Michel Bauwens (@mbauwens) June 18, 2026

Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution

From Mutual Aid In the animal world we have seen that the vast majority of species live in societies, and that they find in association the best arms for the struggle for life: understood, of course, in its wide Darwinian sense — not as a struggle for the sheer means of existence, but as a … Continued

Shifting the Level of Selection in Science

Criteria for recognizing and rewarding scientists primarily focus on individual contributions. This creates a conflict between what is best for scientists’ careers and what is best for science. In this article, we show how the theory of multilevel selection provides conceptual tools for modifying incentives to better align individual and collective interests. A core principle is the need to account for indirect effects by shifting the level at which selection operates from individuals to the groups in which individuals are embedded. This principle is used in several fields to improve collective outcomes, including animal husbandry, team sports, and professional organizations. Shifting the level of selection has the potential to ameliorate several problems in contemporary science, including accounting for scientists’ diverse contributions to knowledge generation, reducing individual-level competition, and promoting specialization and team science. We discuss the difficulties associated with shifting the level of selection and outline directions for future development in this domain.

What Will You Build For: Zoe Weinberg

Investing in human agency.

How Cultivating Awe Can Save the World — Douglas Rushkoff

The best-kept but scientifically-validated secret for engendering generosity

Nurturing our humanity: how domination and partnership shape our brains, lives, and future

Nurturing Our Humanity offers a new perspective on our …

Team Turtle, from the archive

Team Turtle is not a fresh joke. It is old continuity with visible strata. The earliest archival layer I found is August 2025, when Team Turtle was still bound...

Radical Candor: Be a Kickass Boss Without Losing Your Humanity by Kim Malone Scott

From the time we learn to speak, we’re told that if you don’t have anything nice to say, don’t sa...