Frontiers | Conflict between Intrinsic Leaf Asymmetry and Phyllotaxis in the Resupinate Leaves of Alstroemeria psittacina

Computational modeling of plant root development: the art and the science

Plant root development, like any developmental process, arises from the interplay between processes like gene expression, cell-cell signaling, cell growth and division, and tissue mechanics, which unfold over a wide range of temporal and spatial scales. Computational models are uniquely suited to integrate these different processes and spatio-temporal scales to investigate how their interplay determines developmental outcomes and have become part of mainstream plant developmental research. Still, for non-modeling experts, it often remains unclear how models are built, why a particular modeling approach was chosen, and how to interpret and value model outcomes. This review attempts to explain the science behind the art of model building, illustrating the simplifications that are often made to keep models simple to understand and when these are and are not justified. Similarly, it discusses when it is safe to ignore certain processes like growth or tissue mechanics and when it is not. Additionally, this review discusses a range of major breakthrough modeling articles. Their approaches are linked to classical concepts and models in developmental biology like the French flag positional information gradient of Lewis Wolpert and the repetitive patterning mechanism proposed by Turing, in addition to highlighting the lessons they taught us on plant root development.

A Complex Hierarchy of Avoidance Behaviors in a Single-Cell Eukaryote

Dexter et al. replicate the disputed, century-old observations of Jennings, confirming by video microscopy and statistical analysis that the single-cell ciliate Stentor roeseli exhibits a hierarchy of avoidance behaviors. They show further that each organism’s decision between contracting and detaching resembles a fair coin toss.

Two decades of functional–structural plant modelling: now addressing fundamental questions in systems biology and predictive ecology

AbstractBackground. Functional–structural plant models (FSPMs) explore and integrate relationships between a plant’s structure and processes that underlie

A common red algal origin of the apicomplexan, dinoflagellate, and heterokont plastids

The discovery of a nonphotosynthetic plastid in malaria and other apicomplexan parasites has sparked a contentious debate about its evolutionary origin. Molecular data have led to conflicting conclusions supporting either its green algal origin or red algal origin, perhaps in common with the plastid of related dinoflagellates. This distinction is critical to our understanding of apicomplexan evolution and the evolutionary history of endosymbiosis and photosynthesis; however, the two plastids are nearly impossible to compare due to their nonoverlapping information content. Here we describe the complete plastid genome sequences and plastid-associated data from two independent photosynthetic lineages represented by Chromera velia and an undescribed alga CCMP3155 that we show are closely related to apicomplexans. These plastids contain a suite of features retained in either apicomplexan (four plastid membranes, the ribosomal superoperon, conserved gene order) or dinoflagellate plastids (form II Rubisco acquired by horizontal transfer, transcript polyuridylylation, thylakoids stacked in triplets) and encode a full collective complement of their reduced gene sets. Together with whole plastid genome phylogenies, these characteristics provide multiple lines of evidence that the extant plastids of apicomplexans and dinoflagellates were inherited by linear descent from a common red algal endosymbiont. Our phylogenetic analyses also support their close relationship to plastids of heterokont algae, indicating they all derive from the same endosymbiosis. Altogether, these findings support a relatively simple path of linear descent for the evolution of photosynthesis in a large proportion of algae and emphasize plastid loss in several lineages (e.g., ciliates, Cryptosporidium , and Phytophthora) .

Embracing the complexity of plant–bird interactions to understand species’ roles within ecosystems

The context-dependent fate of seeds, shaped by birds that can act as both antagonists and mutualists, reveals a hidden variability of functions and seed dispersal mechanisms, underscoring the need for stronger empirical evidence to accurately understand seed dispersal ecology.

phonology-202409

Tangut tones are a more complex issue than what is presented here. However, it is generally accepted that most characterswere categorized by native Tangut phonologists into two tones:

Alba - Galería de Bluesky

Explora y comparte imágenes de Bluesky de forma sencilla.

Black and Tan Floral Leaves Seamless Hand Drawn Flowers Botanical Art Mid Century Modern Wall Decor Digital Download - Nieuwe Market©

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In the Cells of the Eggplant | Meta-rationality

An introduction to meta-rationality: ways of using rational systems more effectively by understanding how they relate to their contexts.

Crown shyness: are trees social distancing too? | Natural History Museum

If you look up in some forests, you might notice conspicuous gaps between the trees' branches. © Pongpawan Sethanant/ Shutterstock

Steering yourself by the bootstraps: how cells create their own gradients for chemotaxis

Chemotaxis, where cell movement is steered by chemical gradients, is a widespread and essential way of organising cell behaviour. But where do the instructions come from – who makes gradients, and how are they controlled? We discuss the emerging concept that chemotactic cells often create attractant gradients at the same time as responding to them. This self-guidance is more robust, works across greater distances, and is more informative about the local environment than passive responses. Several mechanisms can establish autonomous gradients.

Bluesky Mutual Siphonophore Viewer

Public mutuals rendered as an organic colony. Center node is the target profile, and outer bells are verified mutual accounts.

Bluesky Siphonophore Viewer

Posts now gather into a translucent siphonophore-like colony drifting through dark water. Oldest posts begin at one end of the spine and newer ones accumulate toward the other. Engagement thickens bells, membranes, and feeding clusters. Drag to orbit, mouse wheel to zoom, right-drag to pan, hover for a specimen overlay, click a segment to glide toward it, and double click the background to zoom to the whole organism.

Shadow Enhancers Are Pervasive Features of Developmental Regulatory Networks

Cannavò et al. examine redundant (shadow) enhancers genome wide, finding that the majority of loci have more than two elements with similar activity. Evolutionary analyses show evidence of pervasive stabilizing selection and an ability to buffer mutations, suggesting that shadow enhancers have complex and fundamental roles in developmental networks

Evolution as fitness landscape navigation: Concepts, Measures, and...

Fitness landscapes are mappings between genotypes, phenotypes, and fitness that shape evolution. In recent years, empirical work and theoretical models have greatly advanced our understanding of...